Un análisis de las estrechas relaciones entre el estrés y la depresión desde la perspectiva psiconeuroendocrinológica / An analysis of the close relationships between stress and depression from the psychoneuroendocrinological perspective
Abstract
Resumen
El presente artÃculo constituye una revisión teórica cuyo objetivo general consistió en analizar los complejos vÃnculos existentes entre dos fenómenos de recurrente frecuencia en el ámbito de la salud mental: el estrés y la depresión, considerando desde una perspectiva psiconeuroendocrinológica la implicancia de la hormona cortisol en dicha relación. Para tal cometido se procedió mediante una búsqueda en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, Wiley Online Library y Scielo. Se concluyó que el estrés crónico y algunas formas de depresión establecerÃan un continuum, con una base neurobiológica y fisiopatológica con muchas más similitudes que diferencias. Además, un ambiente hostil durante la infancia temprana podrÃa producir mayor vulnerabilidad al estrés y al padecimiento de depresión en la vida adulta. Estudios epigenéticos señalaron la metilación del gen promotor de receptores de glucocorticoides como mecanismo involucrado en el desarrollo de esta vulnerabilidad. Por último, tanto la psicoterapia cognitivo conductual como la administración de fármacos antidepresivos, han demostrado alcanzar sus efectos terapéuticos a través del incremento de neuroplasticidad en estructuras cerebrales claves en el procesamiento neurobiológico del estrés.
Palabras clave: “estrésâ€; “depresiónâ€; “neurocienciaâ€; “cortisolâ€; “neuroplasticidadâ€; “salud mentalâ€; “eje hipotálamo pituitario adrenalâ€
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Abstract
This paper is a theoretical review whose general objective was to analyze the complex links between two frequently recurring phenomena in the field of mental health: the stress and depression, from the psychoneuroendocrinological point of view, considering the implication of the cortisol hormone on the relationship mentioned above. For this purpose we proceeded through a database search in Medline, Pubmed, Wiley Online Library, and Scielo data. It was concluded that chronic stress and some forms of depression would establish a continuum. They have neurobiological and pathophysiological basis with many similarities. In addition, a hostile environment during early childhood would increase the vulnerability to the stress and to suffering from depression in the adulthood. The epigenetic studies indicated the methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene as mechanism associated with the development of this vulnerability. Finally, so much the psychotherapy cognitive behavioral as the administration of antidepressing medication, they have demonstrated to reach his therapeutic effects across the increase in neural plasticity on cerebral key structures in the neurobiological processes involved in the stress.
Key words: “stressâ€; “depressionâ€; “neuroscienceâ€; “cortisolâ€; “neural plasticityâ€; “mental healthâ€; “hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axisâ€
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