Predictores neuropsicológicos de las habilidades académicas

Authors

  • Yaser Ramírez Benítez

Abstract

Resumen

Una tendencia emergente en las neurociencias del desarrollo es comprender los componentes cognitivos que predicen las habilidades académicas. Un estudio longitudinal permitió aplicar la batería neuropsicológica Luria Inicial a niños preescolares (alterados / controles) para después de 5 años reevaluar su desempeño académico (lectura y matemática) e intelectual. El estudio reveló que vocabulario, velocidad de nombrar y tareas fluidas predicen el desempeño lector a finales de la etapa escolar. Observó que la estrategia lexical es la de mayor predicción en el idioma español comparado con la fonológica. Sucede de esta manera cuando el niño comienza su grado escolar sin grandes problemas fonológicos. Los antecedentes de las habilidades matemáticas descansan en la capacidad que tiene el niño preescolar de comparar cantidades y hacer cálculos sencillos. Las capacidades aritméticas (restar, sumar, dividir, multiplicar) se automatizan a finales de la etapa escolar gracias a la capacidad de comparar cantidades y al salto cualitativo que ocurre en las funciones ejecutivas y razonamiento. Limitaciones de la investigación: No se pudo controlar el efecto farmacológico de los niños con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo, variables socioeducativas que impiden el buen rendimiento académico del niño y son frecuentes en contexto cubano (cambio de escuela y/o profesor) y no control académico del niño durante el inicio escolar.


Palabras clave: lectura; matemática; escuela; neurodesarrollo; habilidades academicas

Abstract


The emergent tendency development neuroscience is to comprise predict component cognitive to academic skill. Longitudinal study allowed apply neuropsychological battery Initial Luria from preschool children (6 year old) (ill / control) afterward 5 year old (11 year old) estimates academic (math / reading) and intellectual skill. Study developed Vocabulary, naming rapid and fluid task are predicts school final stage. Observed lexical strategies is predict main spanish idiom from phonological strategies, if children begging phonological strategies without big alteration. Antecedent math skills are amount compare capacity and calculation plain preschool year. Arithmetic capacities to automating from amount compare capacity and qualitative jump executive function and reasoning.

Key words: math; reading; school; neurodevelopment; academic ability; executive funtion

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How to Cite

Benítez, Y. R. (2014). Predictores neuropsicológicos de las habilidades académicas. Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology, 8(2). Retrieved from https://cnps.cl/index.php/cnps/article/view/166

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 2 (2014): CNPs

Section

Original Papers

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