Retraso mental y psicomotor en la primera infancia: revisión de la literatura y propuesta de un protocolo de valoración neuropsicológica. Mental and psychomotor retardation in early childhood: Overview and development of a protocol for neuropsychological.
Abstract
Resumen
Introducción: En las últimas décadas se ha producido un gran avance en el conocimiento del neurodesarrollo infantil, asà como en el estudio de los procesos cognitivos que se producen desde la más temprana edad en el cerebro. Esto, unido a la gran cantidad de test neuropsicológicos cientÃficamente avalados y estandarizados disponibles actualmente, ha posibilitado la evaluación y diagnóstico de déficit o retrasos en la adquisición de las funciones cognitivas, asà como de los puntos fuertes o de normalidad de los niños con diversas patologÃas. Objetivo: Revisar los conceptos básicos y presentar un protocolo de evaluación neuropsicológica para los retrasos mentales, los trastornos generalizados del desarrollo y los retrasos psicomotores. Desarrollo: Se presenta, en primer lugar, un modelo general de evaluación neuropsicológica en la infancia. En segundo lugar, se revisa el concepto, clasificación y etiologÃa del retraso mental y se propone un perfil neuropsicológico. Finalmente, se abordan los paradigmas del trastorno generalizado del desarrollo y retraso psicomotor. Conclusión: Partiendo de test estandarizados y validados para la evaluación neuropsicológica infantil, se pueden valorar e identificar los distintos trastornos cognitivos infantiles para planificar con precisión la estimulación cognitiva más adecuada para cada niño, y de esta manera, optimizar los resultados de la terapia.
Palabras clave: Evaluación neuropsicológica, retraso mental, trastorno generalizado del desarrollo, retraso psicomotor, funciones cognitivas, diagnostico diferencial, revisión.
Abstract
Introduction: The last decades have brought great advances in the understanding of child neurodevelopment and knowledge of cognitive processes that occur in the brain from an early age. As a result and thanks to the large number of standardized and scientifically guaranteed neuropsychological tests that are available today, we can assess and diagnose with high specificity, deficits or delays in the acquisition of cognitive functions. Besides, it allows knowing the strengths or normality points of children with various pathologies. Objective: To present the concepts and a neuropsychological assessment protocol for mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder and psychomotor retardation. Development: First, the authors present a general model of neuropsychological assessment in childhood. Second, he concept, classification and aetiology of mental retardation is revised and it is proposed a neuropsychological profile. Finally, the paradigms of pervasive developmental disorder and psychomotor retardation are shown. Conclusion: Based on standardized and validated test for child neuropsychological assessment, children cognitive disorders can be accurately identified to plan each child's cognitive stimulation, and thus optimize the results of the therapy.
Key words: Neuropsychological assessment; mental retardation; pervasive development disorder; psychomotor retardation; cognitive functions; differential diagnosis; review.
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