Inteligencia general en niños nacidos prematuramente
Abstract
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión teórica de las caracterÃsticas principales del desarrollo intelectual en niños nacidos prematuramente. La prematurez es un factor de riesgo de daño cerebral que puede afectar el desarrollo intelectual con consecuencias importantes para la calidad de vida. Se calcula que entre el 10 y el 50% de los casos de prematurez sufre de algún grado de discapacidad intelectual, aunque la mayor parte de los estudios reportan que la media grupal del coeficiente intelectual se encuentra en el promedio bajo pero con diferencias muy significativas al compararlos con niños nacidos a término de las mismas edades. El daño difuso a la sustancia blanca es la patologÃa cerebral más común en esta población y se ha asociado a la presencia de déficits cognitivos entre ellas el coeficiente intelectual por el papel importante que juegan los tractos de sustancia blanca en la conectividad funcional. Los resultados de las investigaciones son en muchas ocasiones contradictorios, lo que sugiere que el desarrollo cognitivo de los prematuros implica una amalgama compleja de interacciones entre factores biológicos y socio-ambientales. Â
Palabras clave: Inteligencia; prematurez; daño cerebral perinatal; desarrollo cognitivo; déficit cognitivo; revisión teórica.
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ABSTRACT:
The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical review of the main features of intellectual development in children born prematurely. Prematurity is a risk factor for brain damage that can affect the intellectual development with important implications for the quality of life. It is estimated that between 10-50% of cases of preterm birth suffers some degree of intellectual disability, although most studies report that the group average IQ is in the lower limit of normality, but with significant differences when compared with term peers. The diffuse damage in brain white matter is the most common brain disease in this population and has been associated with the presence of cognitive deficits including IQ, because the important role of the white matter tracts plays in the functional connectivity. The research findings are often contradictory, suggesting that cognitive development of preterm children involves a complex mix of interactions between biological and socio-environmental factors.
Key words: Intelligence; preterm birth; perinatal brain damage; cognitive development: cognitive deficit; theoretical review.
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RESUMO:
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão teórica das caracterÃsticas principais do desenvolvimento intelectual em crianças nascidas prematuramente. A prematuridade é um fator de risco de dano cerebral que pode afetar o desenvolvimento intelectual com consequências importantes para a qualidade de vida. Calculasse que entre 10 e 50% dos casos de prematuridade sofre de algum grau de incapacidade intelectual, ainda que a maior parte dos estudos relate que a média grupal de coeficiente intelectual encontrasse baixa mas com diferenças muito significativas em comparação com crianças nascidas a termo na mesma faixa etária. O dano difuso à substância branca é a patologia cerebral mais comum nesta população e tem sido associado à presença de déficits cognitivos, entre eles o coeficiente intelectual, pelo papel importante exercido pelos tratos de substância branca na conectividade funcional. Os resultados das investigações são, em muitas ocasiões contraditórias, o que sugere que o desenvolvimento cognitivo dos prematuros implica uma amalgama complexa de interações entre fatores biológicos e socioambientais.
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Palavras chave: Inteligência; prematuridade; dano cerebral perinatal; desenvolvimento cognitivo; déficit cognitivo; revisão teórica.
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