Impacto en la metamemoria y medidas cognitivas de un programa de entrenamiento de la memoria para adultos mayores autoválidos
Abstract
RESUMEN
El entrenamiento cognitivo es una forma efectiva de posponer el deterioro cognitivo. El presente estudio se propone evaluar el impacto de un programa de entrenamiento mnésico sobre el rendimiento cognitivo y metacognitivo de adultos mayores. La muestra se dividió entre adultos mayores del programa de entrenamiento de la memoria (n=50) (M= 68,68 años; ds= 8,13 años) y controles (n= 50) (M= 69,03 años; ds= 8,03 años).Instrumentos: Cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, evaluación neuropsicológica breve y cuestionario de metamemoria. Se aplicó un programa de ocho sesiones de noventa minutos. Los múltiples análisis de varianza (ANOVA) indicaron un efecto de interacción a favor de la condición de entrenamiento en el cuestionario de metamemoria (F (1,98) = 5.06, p = .03) y en la subescala de estrategias de memoria (F (1,98) = 15.58, p < .001). Los análisis post-hoc indican que el grupo de entrenamiento se desempeñó significativamente mejor en metamemoria (p < 0,001). La inclusión del entrenamiento cognitivo puede ayudar a los adultos mayores cognitivamente vulnerables y promover un envejecimiento cognitivo saludable.
Palabras clave: entrenamiento cognitivo; memoria; metamemoria; adultos mayores.
ABSTRACT
Cognitive training is a potentially effective way to improve cognition and metacognitive beliefs and postpone cognitive decline. The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of a multifactorial program on metamemory and cognitive measures of older adults from Argentina. Community dwelling older adults over 60 years took part in the study. Memory training program participants (n=50) (M= 68,68 years old; ds= 8.13 years) and controls (n= 50) (M= 69.03 years old; ds= 8,03 years) were assed at the begging and the end of the program. Instruments: questionnaire of social demographic data, brief neuropsychological assessment and a metamemory questionnaire. Program of 8 sessions of 90 minutes. Multiple analyses of variance (ANOVA) indicated an interaction effect between the training condition in the metamemory questionnaire (F(1,98) = 5.06, p = .03) and in the memory strategies subscale (F(1,98) = 15.58, p < .001). Post-hoc analyzes indicate that the training group performed significantly better on metamemory (p < .001). The inclusion of cognitive training can help cognitively vulnerable older adults and promote healthy cognitive aging.
Key words: cognitive training; memory; metamemory; older adults.
RESUMO
O treinamento cognitivo é uma estratégia eficaz para retardar o declínio cognitivo. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto de um programa de treinamento mnemônico no desempenho cognitivo e metacognitivo de idosos. A amostra foi dividida entre idosos participantes do programa de treinamento da memória (n = 50) (M = 68,68 anos; DP = 8,13 anos) e grupo controle (n = 50) (M = 69,03 anos; DP = 8,03 anos). Instrumentos: Questionário de dados sociodemográficos, avaliação neuropsicológica breve e questionário de metamemória. O programa consistiu em oito sessões de noventa minutos cada. As análises de variância (ANOVA) indicaram um efeito de interação favorável à condição de treinamento no questionário de metamemória (F(1,98) = 5.06, p = 0.03) e na subescala de estratégias de memória (F(1,98) = 15.58, p < 0.001). As análises post-hoc indicaram que o grupo de treinamento apresentou um desempenho significativamente superior em metamemória (p < 0.001). A inclusão do treinamento cognitivo pode beneficiar idosos cognitivamente vulneráveis e favorecer um envelhecimento cognitivo saudável.
Palavras-chave: treinamento cognitivo; memória; metamemória; idosos.
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